<![CDATA[This study analyzes the effectiveness of the Bandung City Regional House of Representatives in overseeing municipal policy implementation from a constitutional-law perspective. It uses normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and institutional approaches, supported by documentary analysis of legislation, council instruments, accountability documents, and public information. Oversight effectiveness is assessed through five dimensions: constitutional legitimacy, relevance of oversight targets, evidentiary quality, corrective follow-up, and public accountability. The study finds that the council possesses adequate formal instruments through meetings, requests for information, budget scrutiny, recommendations, and the rights of interpellation, inquiry, and expression. Nevertheless, formal activity does not automatically produce effective checks and balances. Effectiveness is reduced when oversight is event-driven, evidence is fragmented across commissions, recommendations lack deadlines and responsible units, coalition dynamics weaken critical distance, and the public cannot trace follow-up. The study proposes a closed-loop oversight model connecting risk-based agenda setting, standardized evidence, publicly traceable recommendations, executive corrective action, and verification. This model preserves the distinction between legislative oversight and executive administration while strengthening democratic accountability in Bandung City.]]>
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