<![CDATA[This paper aims to analyze the representation of women in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel Bumi Manusia through the framework of feminist literary criticism. The adoption of socialist feminist theory is deemed highly relevant given the issues present in the novel, where women encounter various forms of oppression reinforced by patriarchy, colonialism, and capitalism. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a feminist literary criticism approach. Data were collected through library research using the novel Bumi Manusia as the primary source, along with scholarly journals and related books as secondary data. The findings reveal that Bumi Manusia portrays multiple forms of gender injustice experienced by female characters, including marginalization, subordination, gender stereotypes, and gender-based violence. These injustices do not exist in isolation but are sustained by three interconnected pillars: local patriarchy, European colonialism, and capitalism. The novel Bumi Manusia serves not only as a historical record of the socio-historical conditions of women during the colonial period but also as a tool of social critique that remains relevant to contemporary issues of gender inequality in Indonesian society.]]>
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