<![CDATA[Pesticide exposure is a major occupational health issue in the agricultural sector, particularly among farmers directly involved in pesticide mixing and spraying activities. Exposure occurs through multiple routes, primarily inhalation and dermal contact, and may adversely affect lung function. This study aims to review the determinants of pesticide exposure associated with impaired lung function among farmers using a narrative review approach. Literature searches were conducted across several scientific databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier, using publications in both English and Indonesian. The findings indicate that pesticide type and toxicity level, duration of employment, frequency and duration of spraying, and poor compliance with personal protective equipment use are key determinants associated with reduced lung function. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms include airway inflammation, oxidative stress, alveolar damage, and reduced pulmonary diffusion capacity. Long-term exposure has been linked to an increased risk of chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Preventive strategies such as education on safe pesticide use, improved compliance with personal protective equipment, and regular pulmonary function monitoring are essential to reduce health risks among farmers.]]>
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