<![CDATA[This research aims to develop valid, practical, and effective physical object-based learning media to improve students' conceptual understanding of abstract material. The research method used was Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model, which includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Validation was conducted by material and media experts, while practicality and effectiveness were tested through limited trials with teachers and students. The results showed that the physical object-based learning media was categorized as highly valid, with an average score of 92%. This included aspects of material suitability, conceptual accuracy, visual appeal, and safety of use. The practicality test showed excellent results, with scores of 90% from teachers and 88% from students, indicating that the media was easy to use, engaging, and suited to the characteristics of the learners. Furthermore, effectiveness tests using pretests and posttests demonstrated a significant increase in students' conceptual understanding, with the average score increasing from 58 to 83. The research findings demonstrate that physical object-based learning media can help students understand abstract concepts concretely through direct learning experiences. Thus, the developed media can be implemented as a more interactive, contextual learning alternative that meets the demands of 21st-century learning.]]>
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