<![CDATA[Islamic education in Indonesia has long and dynamic historical roots, which are inseparable from the process of Islamization in the Archipelago and its struggle against colonial powers and post-independence political shifts. This study aims to historically examine the development of Islamic education in Indonesia from the Dutch colonial period, the Japanese occupation, the independence era, the Old Order, and the New Order, to the Reformation era. This research employs a historical research method with a qualitative approach through library research, sourced from archival documents, academic literature, and relevant primary sources. The results indicate that Islamic education in Indonesia has undergone significant transformations in every historical period. During the colonial era, Islamic education centered in pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) and surau faced systematic pressure from the Dutch colonial educational policies, which were discriminatory and secular. During the New Order era, modernization policies and curriculum integration brought about major structural changes for Islamic educational institutions, particularly madrasahs. Meanwhile, the Reformation era opened wider avenues for the development of Islamic education through decentralization, regional autonomy, and increasingly strong legal recognition of faith-based educational institutions. This study concludes that the development of Islamic education in Indonesia is the result of a long-standing struggle between Islamic values, state political interests, and the demands of modernization.]]>
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