Characterization of bioactive compounds in NPK biofertilizer as a sustainable plant growth promoter to mitigate CBRN environmental and chemical risks

Muhammad Arya Nurzabal (Department of Biology, Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia Peace and Security Center (IPSC) Sentul, Bogor 16810, Indonesia)
Mentari Putri Pratami Pratami (Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), KST. Soekarno, Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia)
Nurhadiyanta (Department of Biology, Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia Peace and Security Center (IPSC) Sentul, Bogor 16810, Indonesia)

CBRNE Defense Studies
Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): CBRNE Defense Studies, Vol. 1 No. 1, June 2026

Metabolite analysis of NPK fertilizers based on biofertilizers was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique to identify the presence of bioactive compounds inside fertilizers. The identification of the metabolites revealed the presence of various metabolite compounds such as fatty acids, esters, alcohols, and sterol derivatives. Identified compounds were mapped using MetaboAnlayst and showed the association with steroid biosynthesis pathway. This pathway is associated with plant sterol, ergosterol, and brassinosteroid biosynthesis, which play roles in plant growth and soil microorganisms' activity. The existence of compounds like oleic acid and sterol derivatives indicates that NPK fertilizer can be utilized not only as a source of macronutrients but also as a biofertilizer that enhances soil biological activities and plant growth.