<![CDATA[Non-performing loans (NPLs) at State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) banks are often seen as a civil issue between the bank and the debtor. However, in practice, certain non-performing loans involve abuse of authority, document manipulation, and collateral engineering that result in state financial losses. This article aims to analyze the position of non-performing loans at SOE banks from the perspective of criminal law regarding corruption. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach. The research findings indicate that non-performing loans at SOE banks can be qualified as corruption offenses if, in the process of granting, disbursing, or managing them, there are illegal acts, abuse of authority, and malicious intent that cause state financial losses. Thus, a legal relationship that was initially civil in nature can shift into a special criminal law domain.]]>
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