<![CDATA[Criminal liability for perpetrators of verbal sexual harassment (catcalling) in public places, which is a form of non-physical sexual violence that is often normalized in Indonesian society. Catcalling has serious psychological impacts on victims, such as shame, fear, and loss of security. This study aims to analyze the basis for criminal liability of catcalling perpetrators in the perspective of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence (UU TPKS), as well as to examine the form of legal protection provided to victims. This study uses a normative legal method with a legislative approach and literature study. The results of the study indicate that catcalling has been recognized as a form of non-physical sexual violence in Article 5 and Article 14 of the TPKS Law, with a maximum prison sentence of 9 months and/or a maximum fine of IDR 10 million. However, obstacles to proof in catcalling cases are still the main obstacle, especially due to the lack of physical evidence, lack of witnesses, and social stigma against victims. This study also highlights the importance of the role of the state and institutions such as LPSK in ensuring protection, recovery, and legal assistance for victims. Strategic and collaborative efforts are needed between the government, law enforce]]>
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