<![CDATA[Flooding is one of the recurring hydrometeorological disasters in Manado City, influenced by the interaction between environmental physical conditions and urban development. This study aims to map flood risk levels in Manado City using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The method employed is quantitative spatial analysis using a weighted overlay technique that integrates eight variables, namely rainfall, elevation, slope, soil type, proximity to drainage basins, land use, population density, and building density. The results show that high-risk areas cover 566.32 ha, or 3.49% of the city’s total area, with an estimated 126,780 exposed residents. High-risk areas are predominantly concentrated in Wenang, Singkil, Tuminting, and parts of Paal Dua Districts. These conditions are associated with high rainfall, low elevation, gentle slopes, proximity to the Tondano River Basin, a predominance of built-up areas, and high concentrations of population and buildings. The resulting flood risk map can serve as a basis for disaster mitigation, land-use control, and risk-based urban planning.]]>
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