<![CDATA[Purpose: This study examines socioeconomic drivers, criminal responsibility, and sentencing proportionality in non-procedural Indonesian migrant-worker placement under Law No. 18 of 2017, focusing on Tanjung Karang High Court Decision No. 84/PID.SUS/2024/PT/TJK.Research Methodology: This normative-juridical study combines statutory, conceptual, and case approaches with doctrinal analysis. Interviews with three purposively selected informants a police investigator, prosecutor, and judge provide contextual insight into enforcement and sentencing.Results: Economic hardship, single-parent responsibilities, and a promised IDR 3 million commission per worker motivated an unauthorized intermediary to coordinate prospective workers with an overseas agent. Police intervened during passport preparation, before departure or payment. The appellate court upheld criminal liability but reduced imprisonment from two years to one year, retaining an IDR 200 million fine and one-month substitute detention in light of personal mitigation.Conclusions: Structural vulnerability explains offending without displacing proof of intention, capacity, and unlawful conduct. Individualized sentencing can recognize vulnerability while preserving accountability, although courts should articulate when coordinated recruitment becomes placement under Article 81.Limitations: The study analyzes one appellate decision and interviews three institutional informants; its findings are analytically, rather than statistically, generalizable.Contributions: The study advances an operational-control account of placement based on identified workers, overseas coordination, document processing, and contingent remuneration. It distinguishes criminogenic conditions from elements of guilt and sentencing mitigation, integrating culpability, proportionality, and network-oriented protection into a doctrinal framework for intermediary liability in transnational migrant recruitment networks.]]>
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