<![CDATA[Hospitals are healthcare institutions operating through organizations, professional personnel, facilities, technology, procedures, and governance. This complexity raises the issue of who bears civil liability when patients’ rights are violated. This study analyzes the construction of hospital civil liability and formulates the scope of institutional responsibility. The study employs normative juridical research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary legal materials include Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, the Indonesian Civil Code, Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024, and Minister of Health Regulation Number 24 of 2022 on Medical Records. The findings show that hospital liability cannot be reduced to individual negligence. Article 193 of the Health Law places legal responsibility on hospitals for losses caused by negligence of health human resources working in the hospital. Article 189 on hospital obligations, Article 276 on patient rights, Article 274 on professional duties, and Article 293 on informed consent form an integrated normative framework. Liability may arise from breach of contract, unlawful acts, vicarious liability, and corporate or organizational liability. The study proposes a layered liability model connecting professional liability, liability for functionally connected health personnel, direct organizational liability, and contractual liability]]>
Copyrights © 2026
