<![CDATA[Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) remain vulnerable to human rights violations at every stage of migration, even though international instruments such as the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICMW) and ILO Conventions Nos. 97 and 143 have been in place, and Indonesia has ratified the ICMW through Law No. 6 of 2012 and enacted Law No. 18 of 2017. This normative legal research examines (1) the synchronization of PMI human rights protection between international and national law, and (2) the effectiveness of that protection viewed through the principle of state responsibility. The study uses a statute and conceptual approach, analyzed qualitatively and descriptively-analytically. The findings show that, normatively, harmonization between the ICMW, ILO Conventions and Law No. 18 of 2017 is high, but legal gaps persist in the protection of domestic and female workers, non-procedural workers, differing commitments among destination states, and new forms of exploitation such as online scams. Measured by four parameters, namely ratification, national synchronization and harmonization, supervision and enforcement (the "to punish" function), and the gap between das sollen and das sein, protection in Indonesia as the state of origin is largely adequate in form but only partially implemented in practice. Obstacles include destination states that have not ratified the ICMW, overlapping institutional authority, territorial jurisdiction limits, and weak follow-up of bilateral mechanisms. Keywords: International Law Effectiveness, State Responsibility, Indonesian Migrant Workers, Human Rights, ICMW 1990. Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) masih berada dalam posisi rentan terhadap pelanggaran hak asasi manusia pada setiap tahapan migrasi, meskipun berbagai instrumen hukum internasional seperti International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICMW) 1990 serta Konvensi ILO Nomor 97 dan Nomor 143 telah tersedia, dan Indonesia telah meratifikasi ICMW melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 serta membentuk Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2017. Penelitian hukum normatif ini mengkaji (1) sinkronisasi pengaturan perlindungan HAM PMI antara hukum internasional dan hukum nasional, dan (2) efektivitas perlindungan tersebut ditinjau dari prinsip tanggung jawab negara. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, dengan analisis kualitatif bersifat deskriptif-analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara normatif harmonisasi antara ICMW, Konvensi ILO, dan UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2017 tergolong tinggi, tetapi masih terdapat celah hukum pada perlindungan pekerja domestik dan perempuan, PMI non-prosedural, perbedaan komitmen negara tujuan, serta bentuk eksploitasi baru seperti online scam. Diukur melalui empat parameter, yaitu ratifikasi, sinkronisasi dan harmonisasi hukum nasional, pengawasan dan penegakan hukum (fungsi to punish), serta kesenjangan das sollen dan das sein, perlindungan pada sisi Indonesia sebagai negara asal sudah sesuai secara norma tetapi baru terlaksana sebagian dalam praktik. Hambatannya meliputi negara tujuan yang belum meratifikasi ICMW, tumpang tindih kewenangan kelembagaan, keterbatasan yurisdiksi teritorial, dan lemahnya tindak lanjut mekanisme bilateral. Kata Kunci: Efektivitas Hukum Internasional, Tanggung Jawab Negara, Pekerja Migran Indonesia, Hak Asasi Manusia, ICMW 1990.]]>
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