<![CDATA[This study aims to empirically analyze the impact of gender-based governance (Gender Diversity/GDIV) and macro-geopolitical conditions (Interest Rate/IR and Geopolitical Risk/GPR) on bank operational efficiency (BOPO) in Indonesia, controlling for internal bank characteristics (SIZE, NPL, CAR, and LDR). Using a balanced panel dataset of 40 commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2017–2025 (N=360), the model estimation is conducted using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) with White Cross-Section Robust Standard Errors. The results indicate that all independent variables simultaneously have a significant effect on BOPO (Adj. R2 = 0.4487). Partially, Interest Rate (IR) and Geopolitical Risk (GPR) have a significant negative effect on BOPO, while Non-Performing Loans (NPL) exert a significant positive effect at the 10% level. Conversely, Gender Diversity (GDIV), SIZE, CAR, and LDR do not show significant impacts. An increase in interest rates reduces the BOPO ratio by widening net interest margins, whereas global geopolitical uncertainties compel bank management to adopt strict cost-containment measures.]]>
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