<![CDATA[The rapid advancement of digital technology has contributed to the growing use of non-cash payment instruments in Indonesia. Nevertheless, while the use of debit cards, creadit cards, and electronic money has continued to expand, Indonesia’s economic growth has remained subject to fluctuactions over time. This situation raises an important question regarding the extent to which the increasing adoption of non-cash contributes to economic growth. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of non-cash transactions on indonesia’s economic growth. Using a quantitative approach, the study employs quarterly secondary time-series data from the first quarter of 2015 to the fourth quarter of 2025, collected from Bank Indonesia (BI) and Statistics Indonesia (BPS). Non-Cash transactions are examined as the independent variable through three indicators: debit card transactions, credit card transactions, and electronic money (e-money) transactions. The Erorr Correction Model (ECM) is applied to identify the short-run and long-run effects of non-cash transactions on economic growth. The findings reveal that, in the short run, only debit card transactions have a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth. In the long run, however, both debit card and-emoney transactions have a positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth.]]>
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