<![CDATA[Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB) remain major global health challenges, affecting not only morbidity and mortality but also patients’ quality of life and everyday functioning. In both chronic infections, psychological stress and common mental disorders—particularly depression and anxiety—often coexist and are strongly shaped by social determinants. These psychological conditions may, in turn, influence immune function and contribute to poorer clinical outcomes. This literature review explores the relationship between psychological stress, mental disorders, and immune alterations through a psychoneuroimmunology perspective. The review highlights how chronic stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, increasing cortisol and catecholamines and forming a neuroendocrine–immune network that may suppress cellular immunity when stress is persistent. The findings support the importance of integrating medical care with psychological and social interventions to improve long-term outcomes among people living with HIV and TB.]]>
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