<![CDATA[Drought, a persistent state of water scarcity, is a critical challenge for agriculture and resource management. This study examines drought variability in Lamongan Regency from 2021 to 2023 using the Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) derived from Landsat 8 imagery, integrating Land Surface Temperature (LST) and NDVI to classify conditions from wet to dry. Results show the largest moderate drought in June 2021 (1,660.39 km²) and the most extensive severe drought in October 2023 (1,561.39 km²). In 2023, wet-normal conditions dominated early months, while dry areas expanded in the peak dry season. In this study, TVDI was derived using a simplified global normalization of LSTmin and LSTmax rather than the standard pixel-by-pixel NDVI-LST triangular feature space, which is acknowledged as a methodological limitation. An anomaly occurred in February, where high rainfall coincided with widespread dryness. Furthermore, validation with rainfall data showed a very weak correlation (R2 =0.090). This low correlation indicates a distinct time lag between precipitation events and soil moisture response, as well as the strong influence of local evapotranspiration and soil water retention capacity rather than rainfall alone. This study demonstrates that while TVDI is useful for rapid drought mapping, integration with local hydrological parameters is essential for improved accuracy.]]>
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