<![CDATA[The curriculum plays a pivotal role in shaping learners’ knowledge, skills, and character within contemporary educational systems. In response to the rapid advancement of digital technologies, increasing social pluralism, and emerging moral challenges, curriculum development requires a comprehensive and well-grounded foundation. This article aims to examine the nature, functions, and implementation challenges of curriculum foundations, encompassing philosophical, juridical, sociological, psychological, and technological dimensions. Employing a library research method with a descriptive-analytical approach, the study critically reviews relevant literature and theoretical perspectives on curriculum development. The findings indicate that these five foundations are interconnected and collectively contribute to the development of an integrative, adaptive, and context-responsive curriculum. However, significant gaps remain between curriculum design and educational practice, particularly in the dominance of cognitive-oriented learning, the limited contextualization of instructional approaches, and the suboptimal integration of technology in learning processes. To address these challenges, this article proposes an Integrated Five-Foundation Curriculum Model for the Digital Era, which conceptualizes curriculum development as a dynamic interaction among educational values, legal frameworks, societal needs, learner characteristics, and technological innovation. The proposed model offers a conceptual framework for developing curricula that are more relevant, adaptive, and transformative in responding to the demands of twenty-first-century education.]]>
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