<![CDATA[Land certificate forgery is a land crime that undermines the legal certainty of land rights and causes significant economic losses. This crime is typically committed through a structured network involving initiators, administrative operators, legal facilitators, and receivers of the proceeds of crime, making law enforcement complex. In terms of regulations, Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Regulations (UUPA) only provides the material basis for land rights without specifically stipulating criminal penalties for misuse of land administration. Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration regulates administrative procedures, but internal loopholes such as manipulation of registration data and the involvement of certain officials open up opportunities for the issuance of fake certificates that appear formally legitimate. Articles 263–276 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) criminalize document forgery, but these are general in nature, making it difficult to address internal administrative manipulation and collusion by land officials. The practice of certificate forgery through fake deeds or manipulation of the registration system demonstrates weak oversight and accountability mechanisms. This research underscores the need for legal reforms that criminalize abuse of land administration authority, strengthen the accountability of Land Deed Officials (PPAT) and notaries, and digitize electronic signature-based registration systems and audit trails. This approach is expected to close loopholes for criminal networks to collude, strengthen law enforcement, and increase the certainty of land rights for the community.]]>
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