<![CDATA[The protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia encounters severe structural obstacles, primarily driven by the persistence of the kafala system, which exposes workers—particularly non-procedural migrants—to exploitation, human rights violations, and inadequate legal protection. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Indonesia’s protective diplomacy strategy and formulate an ideal protection framework based on Strategic Legal Diplomacy Alignment. Using a qualitative approach that combines normative legal research and descriptive-analytical methods, the study collected data through comprehensive literature reviews, document analysis, and in-depth interviews, then analyzed them using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The findings show that Indonesia’s protective diplomacy remains constrained by the kafala framework, fragmented migration governance, limited diplomatic resources, and fundamental disparities between Indonesian and Saudi legal systems. To address these systemic gaps, the proposed Strategic Legal Diplomacy Alignment model synthesizes national law, international human rights standards, bilateral diplomatic channels, and digital technology to enhance legal certainty, expand access to protection, and improve the overall efficacy of safeguarding Indonesian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia.]]>
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