<![CDATA[MSMEs face increasing pressure to maintain competitiveness amid rapid digitalization and changing business environments. Digital competence, digital transformation, and collaborative governance may shape MSME competitiveness, yet their direct, mediating, and moderating relationships remain insufficiently examined simultaneously, particularly in regional contexts such as Aceh, Indonesia. This study examines the effects of digital competence, digital transformation, and collaborative governance on MSME competitiveness; the effect of digital competence on digital transformation; and the mediating role of digital transformation and the moderating role of collaborative governance. The study employed a quantitative approach using PLS-SEM on questionnaire data from 300 MSMEs. The results show that digital competence has a positive and significant effect on MSME competitiveness (β = 0.532; p < 0.001) and digital transformation (β = 0.797; p < 0.001), while collaborative governance positively affects MSME competitiveness (β = 0.150; p = 0.003). Digital transformation does not significantly affect competitiveness (β = 0.066; p = 0.436), nor does it mediate the effect of digital competence. Collaborative governance also does not moderate either relationship. These findings highlight digital competence and collaborative governance as important factors affecting MSME competitiveness.]]>
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