<![CDATA[A significant concern about test instruments comprising various test forms is the equivalency among those forms. When the test instrument is deemed "high-stakes," with results commonly utilized to ascertain students' passing status, the equivalence between test forms must be a paramount consideration. The goal of this study is to explain and compare the four approaches used to equate test forms in high-stakes arithmetic tests: mean-mean, mean-sigma, Haebara, and Stocking-Lord. The test used was the national mathematics exam for junior high school students, which had five sets of questions. There were 33,451 students who took the national test for junior high school in Indonesia and took part in the study. An equivalent groups design was used to establish equivalence. We used four equating methods: mean-mean, mean-sigma, Haebara, and Stocking-Lord, to do equating based on item response theory. All analyses were performed via R Studio. The study results indicated that the five test types employed in high-stakes mathematics assessments were quite comparable, with the Stocking-Lord technique yielding the most equal scores in comparison to alternative methods. We spoke about all the results and possible areas for future research.]]>
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