<![CDATA[The sale and purchase of plasma land without a deed executed by a Land Deed Official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah/PPAT) creates a legal problem because contract law recognizes the contractual relationship between the parties, while agrarian law requires specific formalities for the registration of land-right transfers. The problem becomes more complex in plasma arrangements involving smallholders and plantation companies because a buyer may obtain factual possession based on a private agreement while the juridical status of the land remains registered in the name of the previous rights holder. This study aims to analyze the legal implications of plasma land sales without a PPAT deed and examine the legal certainty problems arising from the distinction between obligatoir relationships and formal requirements for land-right transfers. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials are analyzed through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation by examining the relationship among the Indonesian Civil Code, the Basic Agrarian Law, and Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997. The findings demonstrate that a private land sale agreement may establish an obligatoir legal relationship when the requirements for a valid contract are satisfied, but it does not automatically establish a registrable land right. This condition reflects a tension between the principle of consensualism in civil law and the administrative formalities required by agrarian law. In the context of plasma land, such tension may weaken the legal position of buyers or plasma smallholders when disputes arise with sellers, heirs, third parties, or partner companies. The novelty of this study lies in integrating contractual validity, land-registration formalities, and the legal position of parties within plasma land transactions. The study argues that legal certainty cannot be achieved merely through recognition of contractual validity but requires continuity between the agreement, PPAT deed, and land registration to provide effective protection for the parties and third parties.Keywords: land sale; plasma land; PPAT deed; legal certainty; land registration]]>
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