<![CDATA[Landfill operations involve interconnected physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and mechanical hazards associated with waste transportation, unloading, heavy-equipment operation, waste spreading and compaction, leachate treatment, landfill-gas management, and vector and odor control. This study aimed to identify occupational hazards, assess their risk levels, and develop an integrated control and monitoring framework for operational activities at Wonokerto Landfill, Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia. A descriptive observational design was applied using an extended Five-Step Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Determining Control (HIRADC) framework covering hazard and exposed-person identification, risk assessment based on probability and severity, control selection according to the hierarchy of controls, assignment of responsibilities, and performance monitoring. A total of 143 hazards were identified across ten operational stages, comprising 4 (2.8%) low-risk, 43 (30.1%) moderate-risk, 81 (56.6%) high-risk, and 15 (10.5%) very-high-risk hazards. The most prevalent mechanisms were transportation and vehicle accidents (26.6%), heavy-equipment interactions (17.5%), chemical and gas exposure (14.0%), and slips, trips, and falls (12.6%). Very-high-risk hazards were concentrated in waste unloading and transportation, waste spreading and compaction, landfill-gas management, and travel to waste-collection locations. The findings indicate that safety management should prioritize engineering and physical-separation controls, supported by administrative measures, emergency preparedness, competent supervision, and appropriate personal protective equipment. Integrating risk prioritization, Bow-Tie Analysis, responsibility assignment, and performance indicators can strengthen control implementation, verification, and continual improvement.]]>
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