<![CDATA[This study aimed to determine the effect of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on the critical thinking skills of second-grade elementary school students in Pancasila Education at SDN Banyu Urip III/364 Surabaya. A quantitative approach was employed using a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 28 students selected through non-probability sampling. Data were collected using 10 valid essay questions designed to assess students’ critical thinking skills. Data analysis involved the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and paired-samples t-test for hypothesis testing. The results showed an increase in the mean posttest score compared with the pretest score, with a mean difference of ?4.42857. The paired-samples t-test yielded a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.009, which was lower than 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that the implementation of the PBL model had a significant effect on the critical thinking skills of second-grade elementary school students in Pancasila Education. These findings indicate that PBL can be an effective instructional model for fostering critical thinking skills through active and problem-oriented learning.]]>
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