<![CDATA[Utilizing agricultural and household waste as renewable solid fuels offers a sustainable approach to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and improve waste management practices. This study experimentally investigated the effects of different proportions of coconut-shell charcoal and ESP on the physical and thermal performance of biomass briquettes using 10 wt% ESP. % tapioca starch as the binder. Three briquette formulations with different coconut shell charcoal–ESP (CS–ES) ratios were prepared and evaluated in terms of moisture content, calorific value, and burning duration. The results showed that increasing the proportion of coconut shell charcoal significantly improved briquette performance. The optimum formulation (CS–ES3) achieved the lowest moisture content (7.05%), highest calorific value (7400 cal g⁻¹), and longest burning duration (130 min). Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among the tested formulations (P < 0.05). The calorific values of all briquette formulations exceeded the minimum requirement specified by SNI 01-6235-2000, and the optimum formulation satisfied the maximum-allowable moisture content. These findings demonstrate that CS charcoal and ESP can be effectively used to produce biomass briquettes with promising fuel characteristics for renewable energy applications and sustainable biomass waste utilization.]]>
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