<![CDATA[This study examines the normative rigidity of Article 103 of Law No. 32 of 2009 and its implications for law enforcement in hazardous and toxic materials (B3) transportation accidents at the Medan Metropolitan Police Department. The study employs Van Hammel’s Theory, Lawrence M. Friedman’s Legal System Theory and Satjipto Rahardjo’s Progressive Law Theory. The findings indicate that Article 103 transforms a general offense into a complaint-based offense, thereby limiting investigators’ authority and weakening the legal structure, substance and culture. Data from 2023–2024 show that 12 B3 transportation accident cases were processed solely as traffic accidents. The study recommends establishing a 1×24-hour reporting mechanism through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and revising Article 103 to promote responsive, effective and progressive law enforcement.]]>
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