Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP)
Vol 12, No 2 (2026)

The Application of Behavioral Modification Using a Token Economy to Address Off-Task Behavior in Elementary School Students: A Case Report

Suri Mutia Siregar (Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia)
Monica Beatrice Siburian (Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia)
Afra Munira (Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia)
Dina Nazriani (Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia)



Article Info

Publish Date
29 Sep 2026

Abstract

Elementary school students who exhibit off-task behavior during learning activities face obstacles in completing academic tasks optimally. Off-task behavior is characterized by a tendency to divert attention from the task at hand. This condition can affect students’ academic performance even if they possess adequate intellectual capacity. Therefore, behavioral interventions are needed to consistently enhance students’ engagement in completing academic tasks. This case report describes the implementation of behavioral modification using a token economy for a second-grade elementary school student exhibiting off-task behavior during writing-based classroom activities. Assessments in this study were conducted through interviews, observations, and psychological tests. During the baseline, task completion was low and variable, ranging from 0%- 33.3%. During implementation, task completion generally increased despite fluctuations across sessions, reaching 100% in Session 7. A brief post-intervention follow-up with the classroom teacher suggested that improvement in task-completion behavior was not consistently maintained; however, no repeated quantitative follow-up measurement was conducted. Several limitations need to be considered when interpreting the results of this study.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

gamajpp

Publisher

Subject

Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Environmental Science Health Professions Public Health Social Sciences Other

Description

Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) e-ISSN 2407-7801 is an open-access journal disseminating articles with implications for research and practices professional psychology. GamaJPP welcomes manuscript in the areas of:: Clinical Psychology Education Psychology Developmental ...