<![CDATA[Background: Family caregivers play a critical role in supporting patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, prolonged caregiving responsibilities may negatively affect caregivers’ self-efficacy and quality of life. Strengthening caregiver empowerment through self-efficacy-oriented interventions may improve caregivers’ confidence, coping ability, and overall well-being. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a self-efficacy-based family empowerment intervention in improving caregiver self-efficacy and quality of life among family caregivers of patients with T2DM. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test control group design with repeated measurements was conducted in community-based primary healthcare centers in Malang City, Indonesia. A total of 64 family caregivers were recruited and allocated to either the intervention group (n = 32) or the control group (n = 32). The intervention group received the “Berdaya DM” program, a structured family empowerment intervention delivered over four weekly sessions focusing on diabetes care, caregiver support strategies, stress management, and self-efficacy enhancement, whereas the control group received standard diabetes education routinely provided by the primary healthcare centers. Outcome measurements were conducted at baseline, immediately after completion of the intervention (post-test 1), and eight weeks after baseline (post-test 2). Caregiver self-efficacy was assessed using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and quality of life was measured using the WHOQOL-BREF. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA to examine the effects of time, group, and time-by-group interaction. Results: Caregiver self-efficacy and quality of life improved more markedly in the intervention group than in the control group across repeated measurements. At post-test 2, mean self-efficacy scores were 32.37 ± 3.77 in the intervention group and 27.37 ± 3.77 in the control group, corresponding to a between-group mean difference of 5.00 points. Mean quality-of-life scores were 77.14 ± 7.04 and 67.14 ± 7.04, respectively, yielding a between-group mean difference of 10.00 points. Significant time-by-group interaction effects were observed for self-efficacy (F = 73.92, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.54) and quality of life (F = 82.41, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.57), indicating large intervention effects over time. Conclusion: The self-efficacy-based family empowerment intervention effectively improved caregiver self-efficacy and quality of life among family caregivers of patients with T2DM. Integrating caregiver-centered empowerment programs into primary healthcare services may strengthen sustainable diabetes management and caregiver well-being.]]>
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