<![CDATA[This study examines the effect of bank health, measured using the Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Earnings, and Capital (RGEC) framework, on the profit growth of Regional Development Banks in Indonesia during 2017–2021. The study period captures both pre-pandemic economic conditions and the COVID-19 crisis, providing insight into bank resilience under different economic environments. A quantitative research approach was employed using secondary data collected from the annual reports of Regional Development Banks. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS software. The results indicate that the Operating Expenses to Operating Income (BOPO) ratio has a negative and significant effect on profit growth, suggesting that higher operational efficiency contributes to improved profitability. In contrast, the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Good Corporate Governance (GCG), and Non-Performing Loan (NPL) ratio do not significantly influence profit growth. These findings highlight operational efficiency as the most important determinant of profit growth among Regional Development Banks. The study provides practical implications for bank management by emphasizing the need to reduce inefficient operating expenses and strengthen digital banking initiatives to enhance operational efficiency and sustain long-term profitability, particularly in periods of economic uncertainty. The findings also offer valuable insights for policymakers in designing strategies to improve the financial performance and competitiveness of Regional Development Banks.]]>
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