<![CDATA[This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), green technology innovation, and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions in developing countries. The population comprises 20 developing countries, from which eight countries with complete annual data for 2019–2024 ( South Africa, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, and Ukraine )were selected through purposive sampling, yielding 48 panel observations. Secondary data were obtained from the World Bank, Our World in Data, the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and analyzed using panel data regression. Model-selection procedures (Chow, Hausman, and Lagrange Multiplier tests) identified the Random Effect Model (REM) as the most appropriate estimator. The partial (t-test) results show that green technology innovation has a positive and significant effect on carbon emissions, indicating a rebound effect among the sampled countries, while renewable energy consumption has a negative and significant effect, supporting the energy substitution theory. FDI shows a positive but statistically insignificant effect on carbon emissions, consistent with offsetting forces between the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses. Simultaneously (F-test), FDI, green technology innovation, and renewable energy consumption jointly and significantly affect carbon emissions, jointly explaining 61.5% of its variance (Adjusted R² = 0.615).]]>
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