<![CDATA[Indonesian students’ critical thinking skills remain relatively low, particularly when it comes to abstract topics such as chemical bonding. This study aims to determine the effect of implementing a Discovery Learning model – based on e-modiles and supported by Google Classroom – on the critical thinking skills of 11th-grade students in the subject of chemical bonding. This quantitative study employed a quasi-experimental method using a Nonequivalent Control Group Design at SMA Negeri 1 Pematangsiantar. The sample was selected using puposive sampling, with Class XI-4 serving as the experimental class and Class XI-5 as the control class, each consisting of 36 students. Data were collected through pretests and posttests in the form of multiple-choice questions developed based on Ennis’s critical thinking indicators. The instrument was found to be highly reliabele (Cronbach’s Alpha 0,934), and the data were normally distributed and homogeneous (Sig. 0,834). The t-test result showed that the calculated t-value (4,115) was greater than the critical t-value (1,994), indicating a an avarage of 0,5080 (50,80%), classified as moderate. Thus, the Discovery Learning model based on e-modules supported by Google Classroom can serve as an alternative learning approach to enchance students’ critical thinking skills in the subject of chemical bonding.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
