<![CDATA[Orchids are ornamental plants of high economic value; however, their conventional propagation is often challenging, time-consuming, and inefficient due to their extremely small seeds and the absence of endosperm as a food reserve. Therefore, in vitro tissue culture has become an important approach for large-scale propagation and orchid conservation. This literature review discusses the basic principles of tissue culture, its applications in orchids, and the factors affecting its success. The reviewed studies indicate that the combination of BAP and NAA can influence callus induction in various orchid species. Effective concentrations generally range from 0.5–2.5 mg/L NAA and 0.5–2.0 mg/L BAP, either in combination or alongside other auxin and cytokinin plant growth regulators (PGRs). Relatively higher NAA concentrations than BAP may favor the early stages of callus formation by promoting cell dedifferentiation and division, while BAP may subsequently support cell proliferation. Nevertheless, callus induction is also influenced by the explant's endogenous hormonal balance and physiological condition. An imbalance between endogenous hormones and exogenously applied PGRs may interfere with regeneration, induce physiological stress, or cause tissue necrosis. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing PGR concentrations according to the orchid species and explant used to improve callus induction success.]]>
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