<![CDATA[Students' learning difficulties in the reaction rate topic are one of the problems in chemistry learning because the topic involves complex and abstract concepts and is related to students' abilities to understand calculations, chemical representations, and prerequisite knowledge. Therefore, a valid and reliable instrument is needed to identify the factors causing students' learning difficulties. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire instrument to identify the factors causing students' learning difficulties in the reaction rate topic. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the scale development stages proposed by DeVellis, including construct identification, development of indicators and items, expert validation, revision, empirical testing, item evaluation, and determination of the optimal scale length. The results showed that, from the initial 35 items, 27 items remained after expert validation and revision. Subsequently, 25 items were declared valid and 2 items were declared invalid, with a critical r-value of 0.254. The reliability test yielded a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.7978. Thus, the developed instrument demonstrated good validity and reliability. The instrument is recommended for identifying the factors causing students' learning difficulties in the reaction rate topic.]]>
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