<![CDATA[Indonesia’s expanding digital economy has transformed consumption while exposing vulnerable consumers to complex risks. This study assesses consumer vulnerability in digital transactions, examines gaps in Indonesia’s consumer protection framework, and proposes an adaptive regulatory model. It employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and functional comparative analysis, supported by stakeholder interviews. The findings reveal that digital vulnerability is multidimensional, exposing children, older persons, persons with disabilities, women, and low-income consumers to interrelated informational, behavioural, accessibility, data, financial, and procedural risks. Indonesia’s consumer protection framework remains fragmented, with stronger preventive safeguards for children but limited protection for other vulnerable groups. The study proposes a vulnerability-responsive framework integrating inclusive digital design, responsive regulation, and targeted consumer empowerment. This framework seeks to bridge the gap between selective regulatory protection and an inclusive approach to digital consumer protection.]]>
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