<![CDATA[Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae are widely used to biologically convert organic waste into value-added biomass, but the time required to reach maturity varies with rearing temperature, humidity, and feed intake, which complicates harvest scheduling. This study developed and evaluated a Random Survival Forest (RSF) model to predict the time-to-transition to the adult (‘Dewasa’) stage of BSF under right-censoring, using temperature, humidity, feed consumption, larval count, and larval weight as covariates, on a monitoring dataset of 8,000 observations (28.1% events, 71.9% censored) over a 30-day rearing period. As groundwork, regression and classification benchmarks were also trained; Random Forest and Gradient Boosting explained most of the variance in total biomass (R² = 0.9998) and feed conversion ratio (R² = 0.929–0.938) and achieved near-perfect phase classification (accuracy 0.9999), results interpreted cautiously given likely redundancy between predictors and these outcomes. In contrast, the RSF model itself achieved a Harrell and Uno C-index of 0.490, an Integrated Brier Score of 0.213, and a mean time-dependent AUC of 0.489, indicating discrimination and calibration close to chance despite permutation importance detecting statistically distinguishable contributions from humidity, larval count, and temperature. These findings show that, within the observed range of rearing conditions, environmental and feeding covariates carried only marginal information about maturation timing beyond what is captured by elapsed rearing day, and they motivate wider covariate ranges, multistate transition modelling, and additional substrate covariates before an RSF-based decision-support tool for circular organic waste management can be recommended for operational use]]>
Copyrights © 2026
