<![CDATA[This study examines the relationships of liquidity, leverage, and asset efficiency with financial performance in five Indonesian listed banks BNI, Mandiri, BRI, BTN, and BCA over 2018-2022 (25 bank-year observations). Using the original multiple linear regression results, liquidity (CR) and asset efficiency (TATO) show positive associations with return on investment (ROI), while leverage (DER) shows a negative association. The joint model is statistically significant in the reported SPSS output. The study contributes a focused comparison between four state-owned banks and one major private bank across the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and recovery periods, bringing together three balance-sheet and activity dimensions in a single empirical framework. For bank managers, the findings underscore the need to balance short-term liquidity, funding structure, and revenue-generating use of assets rather than optimize any ratio in isolation. Because the sample is limited and the design is observational, the results describe sample-specific associations rather than causal effects or the banking industry as a whole]]>
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