<![CDATA[Post-divorce custody disputes become more complex when the parents live in different countries, because the question of who should care for the child becomes intertwined with jurisdiction, the applicable law, the child's nationality, and the enforcement of judgments abroad. Existing studies have largely examined hadhanah within a purely domestic framework. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this study analyses the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), the Marriage Law, the Child Protection Law, the Citizenship Law, three court decisions, and relevant literature. The findings show that both legal regimes place the best interests of the child at the centre. The maternal priority for children under twelve in the KHI is not applied absolutely; its own exceptions permit custody to be transferred when the custodian is unfit, which is more accurately described as systematic and teleological interpretation than as contra legem. In the decisions examined in detail, physical custody was granted to the Indonesian mother, while the foreign father retained contact rights and maintenance obligations. Enforcement abroad remains uncertain because Indonesia is not a party to the 1996 Hague Convention and lacks reciprocal recognition arrangements. The study offers a framework separating these four legal issues.]]>
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