<![CDATA[The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 has transformed the position of customary criminal law within Indonesia’s national legal system by recognizing living law as a basis for criminal liability. This study analyzes the transformation of customary criminal law within national criminal law policy and formulates an appropriate model for its integration with legality, legal certainty, and human rights. This research applies a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, historical, and case approaches. The findings demonstrate four stages of transformation: recognition through Article 2 of the Criminal Code, institutionalization through Government Regulation Number 55 of 2025, formalization through regional regulations, and constitutional contestation through constitutional review. Although this transformation strengthens legal pluralism, it also creates risks of positivization, bureaucratization, and subordination of customary law to state law. This study proposes a protected legal pluralism model that preserves customary communities as the primary source of normative legitimacy while requiring the state to safeguard legality, proportionality, human rights, legal certainty, and constitutional protection. Keywords: Customary criminal law; Living law; Criminal law policy; Legal pluralism; Indonesian Criminal Code.]]>
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