<![CDATA[This exploratory laboratory study assessed renal and oxidative responses to Sunkist orange peel (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) granules, designated nanoparticle granules in the protocol. A post-test-only control group design included 24 male Wistar rats allocated to six groups (four per group): non-induced control, alloxan-only control, metformin, and granules at 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg body weight (BW). After seven days of acclimatization, five groups received alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg BW, intraperitoneally) on one induction day; oral treatment continued for 21 days. The numerical glucose criterion and interval used to confirm diabetes were not documented. Compared with the alloxan-only group, mean superoxide dismutase (SOD) was highest at 100 mg/kg BW (0.545 versus 0.317 U/mL; 71.9% higher), whereas mean malondialdehyde (MDA) was lowest at 300 mg/kg BW (0.464 versus 0.740 nmol/mL; 37.3% lower). Mean urea was lowest at 200 mg/kg BW (28.00 versus 92.00 mg/dL; 69.6% lower) but rose to 61.00 mg/dL at 300 mg/kg BW. Overall differences were reported for SOD and MDA (ANOVA, both p < 0.001), urea (p = 0.013), morphology (p = 0.002), and histopathology (p < 0.001). No pairwise difference in urea or renal injury scores remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Responses were not uniformly dose-dependent. These preliminary, endpoint-specific trends do not establish nephroprotective efficacy or dose superiority; interpretation is limited by the small sample, short duration, incomplete glycemic documentation, and incomplete formulation and assay documentation.]]>
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