<![CDATA[This study examines factors associated with Grade VIII students’ social studies learning difficulties at SMP Negeri 4 Pandih Batu and discusses their implications for citizenship education. A descriptive qualitative approach involved ten students with scores below the minimum mastery criterion, comprising five students each from classes VIII A and VIII B. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation and analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Internal factors concerned students’ conditions, abilities, attitudes, interest, and motivation; external factors involved family support, school support, and learning facilities. Interest and motivation were the most prominent internal factors, while learning facilities were the most prominent external factor. Students described boredom, difficulty remembering historical dates, classroom heat, and limited support. The findings suggest attention to learning participation as a condition supporting the civic purposes of social studies, without establishing changes in civic competence.]]>
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