<![CDATA[This study purposes to answer the question of how various electoral systems in democratic countries (Indonesia, the United States, Germany, and India) balance the principles of popular sovereignty and the rule of law within the framework of constitutional law. The method used is normative legal research with a comparative and conceptual approach, through analysis of the constitution, electoral laws, and constitutional court decisions in each country. The results of the study show that each electoral system has different legal characteristics according to its constitutional context: the majoritarian system emphasises the direct accountability of representatives to voters, the proportional system emphasises fair representation, while the mixed and affirmative systems attempt to balance the two. The role of constitutional courts has proven crucial in maintaining the balance between the will of the people and the rule of law through the application of proportionality tests and oversight of electoral norms. The impact of this research shows that the rule of law is not a limitation on the sovereignty of the people, but rather a prerequisite for substantive, fair, and transparent democracy. Thus, this research emphasises the importance of designing an electoral system that integrates these two constitutional principles to strengthen the legitimacy of democracy and the protection of citizens' constitutional rights.]]>
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