<![CDATA[Background: Compliance with Indonesia’s smoke-free area (Kawasan Tanpa Rokok, KTR) policies remains inconsistent, highlighting the need to understand factors influencing public adherence. Objective: This study examined the effects of policy awareness (PA) and perceived enforcement (PE) on policy compliance (PC), mediated by perceived policy effectiveness (PPE), among visitors to Alun-Alun Bandung, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey involved 178 purposively selected adult respondents using a 16-item, five-point Likert-scale questionnaire. Data were analyzed using PLS-SEM with SmartPLS 4.0 and 5,000 bootstrap subsamples. Results: The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity. The structural model explained 34.4% of PPE variance and 38.5% of PC variance. PA significantly predicted PPE (β = 0.413, p < .001), while PE predicted PPE (β = 0.309, p < .001) and PC (β = 0.325, p < .001). PPE significantly predicted PC (β = 0.402, p < .001), whereas PA had no significant direct effect (β = 0.007, p = .921). Significant indirect effects confirmed full mediation for PA (β = 0.166) and partial mediation for PE (β = 0.124). Conclusion: Perceived policy effectiveness plays a central mediating role in KTR compliance, emphasizing the importance of credible enforcement, effective communication, and public awareness of policy outcomes.]]>
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