<![CDATA[The advancement of hair straightener technology has increased the demand for heating materials that not only exhibit high electrical conductivity but also maintain structural stability. Conventional metal-based heating elements present several limitations, including susceptibility to corrosion and limited mechanical flexibility, making carbon–ceramic composites a promising alternative. This study aims to develop a carbon–ceramic composite material as a heating element for hair straighteners by varying the carbon volume fraction at 10%, 20%, and 30%. Coconut-shell-derived carbon was employed as the conductive phase, while a ceramic matrix was formed from a mixture of clay, kaolin, feldspar, and silica sand. The composite samples were fabricated using a sintering method at a temperature range of 930–950 °C. The materials were characterized in terms of their electrical and physical properties, including electrical conductivity, porosity, density, and compaction pressure. Results showed that increasing the carbon fraction significantly enhanced the electrical conductivity from 8.60 × 10⁻⁶ S/m at 10% carbon to 3.83 × 10⁻³ S/m at 30% carbon. However, higher carbon content also led to increased porosity and reduced density, which may negatively affect the mechanical strength of the material. Therefore, optimizing the carbon-to-ceramic ratio is essential to achieve a balance between electrical efficiency and structural integrity, particularly for heating applications such as in hair straightening devices.]]>
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