Formosa Journal of Science and Technology (FJST)
Vol. 5 No. 6 (2026): June 2026

Implementation of a Category II Precision Approach Lighting System (PALS) Based on Aviation Safety and the Principles of Tri Hita Karana at I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport, Bali

I Wayan Dikse Pancane (Universitas Pendidikan Nasional)



Article Info

Publish Date
02 Jul 2026

Abstract

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali is an international airport with high air traffic volume and complex runway approach characteristics due to its coastal geography. This study aims to design a Category II Precision Approach Lighting System (PALS) for Runway 27 to enhance flight safety during low-visibility conditions. The research methodology employs a field observation approach, analysis of lighting configurations based on ICAO Annex 14, evaluation of obstacle limitation surfaces (OLS), and the integration of the Tri Hita Karana concept as an environmental and cultural safety approach rooted in Balinese traditions. The results indicate that a 900-meter-long PALS CAT II configuration with a sequenced flashing light system effectively enhances visual guidance for pilots during the final approach phase. The integration of the Tri Hita Karana concept supports harmony between aviation safety, coastal environmental sustainability, and local Balinese cultural values. This research offers a novel approach by combining technical aviation lighting system methodologies with culture- and environment-based safety concepts. The implementation of this system is expected to support low-visibility operations and elevate international aviation safety standards at I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali

Copyrights © 2026






Journal Info

Abbrev

fjst

Publisher

Subject

Humanities Computer Science & IT Education Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Social Sciences

Description

Formosa Journal of Science and Technology (FJST) is an open-access scientific journal that publishing full-length research papers and review articles covering subjects that fall under the wide spectrum of science and technology. FJST journal is dedicated towards dissemination of knowledge related to ...