<![CDATA[Power transformers are prone to operational failures due to increases in internal temperature and pressure. Given that built-in mechanical protection systems operate only reactively, this study aims to design a real-time early-detection and tank-monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This system was developed using an ESP32 microcontroller, a Type K thermocouple sensor, and a pressure sensor. The sensor readings are processed to control safety actuators (buzzer, heater relay, and solenoid valve) based on three threshold conditions: SAFE, WARNING, and DANGER. The system also visualizes monitoring data on a Node-RED website and automatically logs the history via Google Spreadsheet. Test results show that the simulated system successfully responds to changing conditions as designed. When the status is WARNING, the buzzer activates as an early warning. In the DANGER condition, the microcontroller automatically turns off the heater and opens the solenoid valve to reduce pressure. Validation tests recorded a very low average reading error percentage—0.36% for temperature and an average deviation of 1.47 psi for pressure—compared to the reference measuring instruments. Overall, this system simulation successfully performed remote monitoring and protection functions with a high level of accuracy.]]>
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