<![CDATA[This article examines the theological critique advanced by Dr. Adnan Ibrahim—a Palestinian Muslim scholar and thinker resident in Austria—against the traditional paradigm governing relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. It asks two questions: how the architecture of that critique can be mapped, and what epistemological foundation sustains it. Although Adnan Ibrahim's ideas circulate widely among contemporary Muslims, no academic study has yet dissected the epistemological basis of his critique in a systematic way—a gap this research addresses. The study is qualitative library research employing a theological-critique framework alongside historical-critical analysis; its primary sources are Adnan Ibrahim's writings and recorded lectures, and its secondary sources are the classical Islamic texts his critique targets. The study finds that his entire critique rests on a fundamental epistemological shift toward what may be called modernist rationalism, one that installs a rationally and contextually read Qur'an, reason, and empirical evidence as the highest hierarchy of authority while subordinating the hadith corpus—including reports in the two Sahih collections. This shift manifests in three moves: prioritising universal ethical principles (rahmah and qist) over particular rules, recasting al-wala' wa-l-bara' as a context-bound political strategy, and reinterpreting jizyah functionally. The findings point to a decisive break from a sanad-centred traditional epistemology toward the authority of reason and empirical reality.]]>
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