Focus and Scope IJHEI: International Journal on Higher Education Issues is an international journal dedicated to advancing knowledge in the field of higher education studies. The journal publishes two issues a year; January and July. reporting on educational developments in universities, polytechnics, colleges and vocational institutions around the world, covering both the public and private sectors. Contributions are peer-reviewed and come from academics in higher education from Indonesia and other countries, addressing the challenges faced by researchers, teachers, institutional leaders and policy makers in the higher education sector. Our main criteria for publication are that submitted manuscripts should make a significant contribution to the body of knowledge in higher education studies and be clearly placed within the existing literature in the field. As an international journal, we aim to bridge insights from different educational systems and contexts, and encourage submissions that are relevant for an international audience or that promote dialogue across countries. We particularly welcome the following types of contributions: 1. Empirical research studies that are cross-national or cross-sectoral in scope, or that involve large datasets—such as data from multiple institutions and/or over extended time periods. 2. Historical syntheses and policy studies, including secondary analyses of primary data that offer original interpretations of higher education systems, policies, or contexts. 3. Smaller-scale empirical studies that offer significant conceptual or methodological advances in the international higher education literature. 4. Conceptually based studies that are not primarily empirical, including theoretical discussions, explorations of methodological issues, reflective essays, and critical literature reviews that provide substantial original insights into higher education and its evolving context. IJHEI: International Journal on Higher Education Issues serves as a platform for the exchange of research findings, experiences, and perspectives, encouraging continuous dialogue among experts in the field. By publishing a diverse range of authoritative review articles, comparative studies, and focused analyses, the journal aims to deepen our understanding of higher education around the world.