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Civil Engineering Journal

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Published by C.E.J Publishing Group

ISSN : 24763055 EISSN : 24763055 DOI : -

Core Subject : Engineering,

Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.

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Articles 20 Documents

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Search results for , issue "Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February" : 20 Documents clear

Investigating the Behavior of Buildings under the Effect of the New Design Ground Motion of Iraq Mustafa Shakir Farman; AbdulMuttalib Isa Said
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Recently, Iraq has experienced an increase in seismic activity, especially, near the east boundary with Iran which enhanced the need to study its effect on the behavior of buildings. In this study, a comprehensive methodology was applied to investigate the behavior of a moment frame system with respect to its height after subjected to the design ground motion at Baghdad according to the recently developed seismic hazard maps and, after developing and designing the required configurations of archetype models, specifying life safety as an aimed performance level, modeling nonlinearity and applying the nonlinear static analysis (NSP) according to ASCE/SEI41-13, FEMA356 and FEMA P-695. This methodology is started by sizing members cross-sectional dimensions and applying reinforcement detailing requirements according to ACI318-14. Results show that, for a given building height and number of bays, inelastic drifts increase with decreasing the bay width because the overall building stiffness is decreased and it will be more slender, and consequently, the P- delta effects increased. Also, as the building height increased, both, target and minimum shear capacities decrease and the target displacement increases under the effect of the same earthquake ground motion. Consequently, a necessary limitation on the height of these buildings were deduced to ensure their ability to withstand the future ground shaking and, in the same time, maintaining the life safety performance level of damage. Where, it is found that the maximum allowed heights of framed buildings in Baghdad are 17, 25 and 32 stories for 6, 7.5 and 9 m bay widths, respectively.

Non-Volumetric Pricing is a Threat to Water Reserves Hafiz Usama Imad; Muhammad Akram Akhund; Muhammad Ali; Ashfaque Ahmed Pathan; Aftab Ahmed
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Pakistan is a country having the world largest irrigation system but despite that, it is facing several droughts and floods. The storage capacity of the country is only 30 days whereas the required standard capacity is 120 days. The major source of water for the country is surface water and in many areas, groundwater is also used in a large quantity for domestic as well as agricultural use. Pakistan has large water reservoirs but still, it is facing serious challenges in providing safe drinking water due to the mismanagement of natural water resources. The major cause behind the depletion of water resources of the country is over-use of water. The main objective of this study is to find the behavior of people by comparing volumetric and nonvolumetric water use and the price they pay for both. There is a need to compare volumetric and nonvolumetric water pricing scenarios and its impact on water conservation for the district of Hyderabad. The study was conducted through questionnaire surveys, from three administrative units of the Hyderabad namely Qasimabad, Latifabad, and City. Three types of water utilities, namely Tapped water (water supplied by WASA), groundwater and tankered water were found as major sources for domestic use. The domestic use of groundwater is found to be mostly unpaid, while people having lined water services pay an average of Rs 300 (USD 2.2) but the percentage of these people is only 60%. On the other hand, people who consume tankered water (volumetric based charging) are paying on average Rs 5000 (USD 35.7) per month. The main finding of this study is that the households which were using tanker water were more careful in optimizing the use of water as compared to those who were using tapped water. Therefore, considering the economic worth of water, if it is charged on a volumetric basis then the misuse of water can be reduced noticeably.

Experimental Investigation of the Densification Properties of Clay Soil Mixes with Tire Waste Davood Akbarimehr; Esmail Aflaki; Abolfazl Eslami
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The annual increase in production of industrial wastes, including scrap tire, has created several challenges for societies. Incorporating the wastes as raw materials has been proposed in different industries, using waste tire as physical additives and investigating the geotechnical properties of this mixture can reduce the environmental pollution, as well as offering economic and technical benefits. Clay soils are abundant in southern regions of Tehran where scrap tire is also produced in large quantities every year. Therefore, provided the chance, incorporating these wastes into the soil mix is significant as regards both geotechnical properties and environmental considerations. As a fundamental means of investigation in construction activities, in particular road construction, the compaction test is useful in determining the maximum density and the optimum moisture content of the soil. In this study, considering that this research has not yet been investigated for Tehran clay and has environmental benefits while having engineering application, the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the clay mixed with two types of additives (waste tire powder and granules) at various mass fractions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) using standard compaction tests were investigated. The results suggested that the variations of the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density in both clay mixes demonstrate a certain and predictable trend as the waste content increases. In other words, by increasing the percentage of waste in the mixture, the optimum moisture content is increased, and this increase in the mixture of the tire powder and clay is more than granule and clay. In addition, by increasing the percentage of waste, the maximum dry weight of the mixture was reduced, and this reduction in the mixture of tire powder and clay is almost higher than that of tire granule and clay. Furthermore, relations were presented to estimate the maximum density and the optimum moisture content of the mix to be applied in practice.

Risk-Reduction Credit for Very Early Warning Fire Detection at Nuclear Power Plants: From FAQ to Fiction Raymond HV Gallucci
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In 2004, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), with support from the commercial nuclear power industry, adopted the 2001 Edition of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 805, “Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants,” as the means by which commercial nuclear power licensees could comply with Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50.48(c), to replace deterministic fire protection licensing bases with ones that are risk-informed and performance-based. To facilitate licensee “transitions” to the new licensing bases via NFPA 805, a “Frequently Asked Questions” (FAQs) program, established early during the pilot-plant phase, was expanded to enable use of consensus technical “short-cuts” for fire probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods. These “Fire PRA FAQs” enabled licensees, with NRC approval, to bypass more traditional means of establishing acceptable PRA method enhancements on an interim basis, pending eventual confirmation by test programs and/or more detailed analyses. The NRC approved several, of which perhaps the most substantial in providing risk reduction benefits was FAQ 08-0046 on “Incipient Fire Detection Systems,” more accurately characterized as “Very Early Warning Fire Detection Systems” (VEWFDSs). Controversial from the start, the hidden story behind this FAQ’s initial adoption is relevant to examination of the NRC NUREG report that later replaced it and remains in effect today. This article examines this backstory, tracing recommendations that were proposed and bypassed, then examines alternatives to the current guidance. These alternatives, which maximize possible risk reduction credit for VEWFDSs at nuclear power plants, remain at least a factor of two less than the current peak NUREG-2180 risk-reduction factor even before the latter accounts for the possibility of fire pre-emption altogether.

The Response of Residents of the Building and Non-structural Components, in Contrast to Explosions at Ground Level from the Standpoint of Passive Defense Mozaffarpour Taromi, MohammadReza; Khosravi, Hossein
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The research by non-military research associations and assemblies on explosion have increased due to the growth in the death and damage rates resulting from explosion, particularly blasts induced by terroristic invasions which mostly occur on the ground. Most studies are conducted with a major focus on strengthening the structures against explosions. Further, scholars have focused on resistance and ductility criteria required for the design and control over structural elements. Now, the question is whether the health of a structure can represent its inhabitantsâ€™ health. Few studies have been done on the convenience of inhabitants and response of non-structural elements, which are limited to impact of vibrations on high-rise structures caused by the loads imposed by wind and earthquake. The important factors relevant to the health and convenience of building inhabitants are as follows: speed, acceleration, and variations in the acceleration of floors.In this paper, the aforementioned parameters are measured, according to which the convenience and health of inhabitants were assessed. For this purpose, two 4-story and 8-story buildings were selected on which four selective explosions were applied. The results were then presented in two forms of maximum values and dynamic response by performing dynamic modal linear time history analysis. The building's response under typical forces such as dead and live and earthquake forces was remarkably desirable and the behavior remained linear, but the buildingâ€™s acceleration may cause serious injuries in terms of human comfort criteria. The obtained results indicated that the healthy state of the structure does not represent the health of the building inhabitants. Further, although the building was safe against the elective blasts, the lateral accelerations were capable of imposing significant damages to the building residents. This can be considered as a criterion for control and future designs from a passive defense point of view, as the explosions induced by terroristic attacks is increasing.

Analysis of Red-Light Violation Behavior of Pedestrian Two-Stage Crossing at a Signalized Intersection Guo, Yongqing; Wang, Xiaoyuan; Meng, Xinqiang; Wang, Jie; Liu, Yaqi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Studying pedestriansâ€™ twice-crossing behavior is of great significance to enhance safety and efficiency for pedestrians at signalized intersections. However, researchers have paid little attention to analyze and model pedestriansâ€™ red-light running behavior on a two-stage crossing at signalized intersections. This paper focuses on analyzing the characteristics of pedestrian red-light violation behavior at the two stages, including the time distribution of violation behavior, the consistency of violation behavior, and the violation behavior in group.Â A goal-oriented and time-driven red-light violation behavior model was proposed for pedestrian two-stage crossing. A video-recording method was used to collect field data, and the results show that pedestrians in the two directions present different red-light violation behaviors in time selection and violation count, as well as, pedestrians in the two stages of a direction present different red-light violation behaviors in time selection. The main reasons leading to the phenomena were analyzed, regarding from peopleâ€™s cognitive psychology and visual perception. The results also show that the proposed model is effective in simulating pedestrian red-light violation behavior of twice crossing. This research provides a theoretical basis for optimizing signal timing, improving pedestrian safety and developing user-friendly transportation system.

Effect of Pile Spacing on Group Efficiency in Gypseous Soil Noman, Bilal Jabbar; Abd-Awn, Safaa H.; Abbas, Hassan O.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

As a matter of fact, the gypseous soil is usually considered as collapsible soil, such type of soil illustrates high resistance to settlement and high bearing capacity when it is dry, but it loses these characteristics when it is inundated and collapses excessively because of the sudden decrease in the volume of the surrounding soil mass. It is founded in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world in Asia, South Asia (Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, and Iran), North Africa, North America, moreover, it covers more than (31%) of the surface area in Iraq. Gypseous soil is one of the most difficult problems facing the process of building any project because of the difficulty of preventing leakage of water to the soil in practice. Deep foundation (piles) are one of the most common types used in collapsible soils which penetrating problematic soil layers and reaching more hard ones (end bearing piles) or transfers loads depending on skin friction (floating pile). The current work is directed to study the behavior of single and group driven pile of square pattern (4 piles) in case of floating pile (friction pile) with different spacing (2D, 4D, 6D) and length to diameter (L/D) ratio of (20) in this special medium dense soil (gypsum content 30% and 61%) under axial load condition. The investigation was carried out to measure the soil collapse before and after inundation. The results showed that the group efficiency for spacing 2D is less than one while for spacing 4D and 6D are more than that value. In addition, the spacing 4D was more efficient to carry 4 group pile in both dry and soaked cases, in addition, the result showed a high reduction in the bearing capacity at inundation state of group pile of (82% in gypsum content 30%) and ( 87% in gypsum content 61%) with respect to dry state.

Comparing the Effect of Nanomaterial and Traditional Fillers on the Asphalt Mixture Properties Hamedi, Gholam Hossein; Sohrabi, Mohsen; Sakanlou, Farhad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Several parameters affect asphalt mix performance against loading and environmental conditions. Minor changes in the filler amount or type can cause obvious changes in the asphalt mixture properties. Accordingly, in this research attempts have been made to optimally make asphalt mixture strong against loading and environmental conditions by changing the type, size and percentage of filler used in asphalt mixture. In this line, the effect of two types of cement and nano-silica fillers in two different percentages was investigated and compared as an alternative for part of the main filler in asphalt mixture samples made by two types of limestone and granite aggregate. Cement filler by 2% and 4% of the aggregate mass as the alternative for part of the main filler is added to stone materials before mixing with binder, but nano-silica filler by 2% and4 % of weight of the binder as the alternative for part of the main filler is added to binder and a modified and homogeneous binder is produced using a high speed mixer. In the following, considering the optimum binder content for each mixture, resilient modulus tests were conducted to determine the strength performance against loading and indirect tensile strength ratio was used to determine moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures. Results obtained from resilient modulus tests show that the use of nano-silica and cement has been capable of favorably improving the resilient modulus of samples containing these two types of fillers. The improvement of the resilient modulus of samples containing nano-silica is very significant. Additionally, the studies conducted based on the indirect tensile strength ratio show that both types of alternative fillers, especially cement has been capable of desirably improve the strength of asphalt mixtures against moisture damage.

Development of 3-D Finite Element Models for Geo-Jute Reinforced Flexible Pavement Md Mostaqur Rahman; Sajib Saha; Amin Sami Amin Hamdi; Md Jobair Bin Alam
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In this study, three dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis are performed to evaluate the effect of geo-textile interlayer on the performance of flexible pavement. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the improvement in stress distribution of flexible pavement due to the application of geo-jute at three specific positions i.e., subgrade-base interface, base-asphalt layer interface, and within asphalt layers. Stress, strain and displacement values are investigated and compared for the application of geo-jute interlayer on various positions. Moreover, to better understand the mechanistic behavior of geo-jute on pavement subgrade, a separate 3-D finite element model is developed to simulate the California bearing ratio (CBR) test on geo-jute reinforced soil. Results showed that the inclusion of geo-jute on flexible pavement significantly improves the pavement performance by producing lower stress, strain, and displacement at top of the subgrade. Moreover, the bearing capacity of subgrade soil increased more than 20% due to the inclusion of geo-jute.

Psychological Influence of Advertising Billboards on City Sight Sharifi Nowghabi, Azadeh; Talebzadeh, Adeleh
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2019): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The most important contributions of metropolitan cities to modernity is its noise pollution and visual, and structural disturbances in urban life. Due to the fact that these cities have entered into a new world that has not experienced any of its principles before it has tested the urban structure and has a proper connection between the needs of the inhabitants and even the dominant tradition and culture. City billboards and advertisements have doubled the visual disturbances in this new sovereignty of urbanization; this kind of visual pollution causes mental confusion and reduces the intellectual concentration of individuals, and its effects and consequences is progressing through time. The images in the city's atmosphere, including buildings, streets, traffic signs and commercial and exterior signs of buildings and stores, various billboards and urban furniture, and other elements that are exposed to the public, have different colors which have different psychological effects on viewers. Color as one of the most important visual elements can have an active and influential effect on the general public's perspective of the city and its psychological effects on its citizens. The question is whether a suitable solution could be made to regulate the types of commercial billboards and, thus, provide psychological comfort and safety for citizens. This study has used library resources, internet data and survey method and analysed them after observing and investigating the collected data and the analysis of colors in advertising billboards and their layout along with their psychological effects, especially in the intersection of the crowded streets of Mashhad. In addition to searching for major problems in urban advertising in terms of environmental qualities, the researchers have tried to provide appropriate solutions to the challenge through visual comfort components and their evaluation. The results of this research show that the promotion of the level of visual components, including color in advertising, and in particular at the intersection of streets and congestion of traffic signs and warning signs, has a profound effect on urban landscape. Accordingly, encouraging the use of appropriate advertising equipment and providing appropriate solutions for organizing and institutionalizing urban advertising, will enhance its quality and create order and beauty in the environment, and thus provide visual comfort to citizens.

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