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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 24 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October" : 24 Documents clear
Performance of Soil Biogrouting as a Subgrade Material of the Road Pavement Widjajakusuma, Jack; Waruwu, Aaazokhi; Kusnadi, Yulia Yunita; Lujaya, Jason; Wibowo, Kevin Aprilio
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-017

Abstract

Soft clay subgrade is unsuitable for road pavement because it has low bearing capacity and CBR value. Therefore, the soil needs stabilization, but with a sustainable stabilization method. One of these methods is biogrouting, namely grouting, which uses bacteria. Thus, the main objective of this study was to determine the performance of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria in stabilizing the soil. The performance of these bacteria was quantified by the CBR value and soil-bearing capacity experimentally in a laboratory model test with each soil thickness of 0-30 cm. The CBR value of the soil improved by the biogrouting method by about 4 times the CBR value of untreated soil. The increase in bearing capacity was obtained about 4 times for treated soil with Bacillus subtilis and about 5 times for treated soil with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The layer thickness significantly improves the performance of the subgrade at a layer thickness of 20 cm. The new result of this study is that both bacteria are native Indonesian bacteria, so they are suitable for use in Indonesia. In addition, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has never been used in research to increase soil-bearing capacity.
Data-Driven Approach to Predict Fire-Resistance Ratings of Timber Columns Nguyen, Tu T.; Pham, Hung T.; Nguyen, Hung K.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-013

Abstract

This study aims to determine whether a data-driven-based approach provides more accurate predictions of timber fire-resistance ratings (FRR) compared to conventional empirical methods. To achieve this, a machine learning framework based on the Deep Belief Network (DBN) was employed. A comprehensive database collected from previously published reports was used to train and validate the DBN model. The model’s predictive performance was benchmarked against traditional empirical equations derived from mechanics-based methods. The comparison demonstrated that the DBN model provided superior accuracy in predicting fire-resistance ratings. Model evaluation was further conducted using the Coefficient of Determination (R²) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), confirming the robustness of the proposed approach. In addition, a parametric analysis was performed to assess the influence of input variables on the output. Results indicated that induced load (IDL) and breadth (BRH) were the most influential parameters, whereas ultimate strength (ULS) and elasticity modulus (ELM) had relatively minor effects. This study highlights the potential of advanced machine learning techniques, particularly DBN, to enhance predictive accuracy in structural fire engineering, offering a significant improvement over conventional calculation methods.
Efficacy of Plastic Waste Strips Towards Enhancement of Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams Muhammed, Sabah Hashim; Jadooe, Awad; AL-Khafaji, Ali Ghanim A.; Al Maimuri, Najah M. L.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-09

Abstract

The amount of plastic waste produced worldwide has been steadily rising. Manufacturing processes, service industries, and municipal solid waste produce a significant amount of waste plastic. One common construction and industrial waste that could be employed as shear reinforcement in concrete beams for specified purposes is the plastic waste strips, since they have relatively high tensile strength. Such plastic strips are used to tie clay bricks, floor finishing tiles, walkway finishing blocks, curbstones, and so on in different industrial products. This study examines an approach that uses plastic waste strips in place of conventional stirrups to enhance the shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. A set of shear tests was performed on carefully constructed 150 mm width × 225 mm depth × 1400 mm length beam specimens to evaluate failure mechanisms, modes of failure, crack patterns, and shear strength. All beams have the same flexural requirements, so they were ensured to fail by exceeding their shear strength under the applied load. This study examined five concrete beams that were reinforced internally using plastic waste strips in the shear region, as well as one control beam. The tested beams were reinforced using various strip spacings and configurations. The results of the tests indicated that increasing the plastic waste strips improved the concrete section shear strength. As the number of plastic strips in the section increases, the distance between each strip is drastically reduced, increasing the shear capacity of the beam. The experimental results indicate that the beam with six vertical plastic waste strips in its section has a 75% higher shear strength capacity than the reference beam without any transverse reinforcement. In addition, shear resistance is higher in the beam with plastic strips at 45° and 135° inclined angles than in the beam with vertical plastic strips in the same amount of plastic strips. Based on these findings, reinforced concrete beams can be utilized for specific purposes by employing plastic waste strips as transverse reinforcement to resist internal shear forces.
Leaching-Permeability Behavior of Collapsible Gypseous Soils Treated with Nano-Titanium Dioxide Jassim, Najwa W.; Azmi, Mastura; Fattah, Mohammed Y.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-06

Abstract

As a result of the limited studies that have been conducted on the utilization of nano titanium dioxide as a nanomaterial for stabilizing gypseous soils in geotechnical works, this study is directed to predict the changes in the coefficient of permeability k, the leaching strain, the total dissolved salts TDS, and the pH values with the changes in the percentages of nano titanium dioxide NTD. The gypseous soil samples were obtained from three sites located north of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, with different gypsum contents of about 34%, 50%, and 60%. Tests have identified the mechanical and physical characteristics of the studied gypseous soils. In addition, oedometer permeability leaching tests were conducted using an oedometer cell apparatus. The results of the tested gypseous soils presented a significant effect of NTD on reducing the coefficient of permeability k and cost-effectively, especially at 0.3 and 0.5% for the three tested soils. For S1 tested soil, the reduction percentages of the k values were 79.02% and 80.0% when treated with 0.3% and 0.5% of NTD, respectively. While for S2 tested gypseous soil, the reduction percentages were 75.9% and 79.1%, and 66.04% and 73.6% for S3 tested gypseous soil when treated with 0.3% and 0.5% of NTD, respectively. The treated gypseous soils are exposed to less gypsum dissolution, as the NTD material forms an impermeable layer to prevent direct contact between water and gypsum. This reduces gypsum dissolution and, thus, reduces leaching strain. For S1 tested soil, the percentage of reduction of the leaching strain was 90.5%, while for S2 and S3 tested soils, it was 91.2% and 89.9%, respectively, when 0.3% of NTD was applied. As the percentage of the NTD increased for S1, S2, and S3, the pH values decreased due to decreased TDS in the leached water, and it is clear that 0.3% of NTD gives a reliable pH value for the three tested soils. Considering these results, it appears that even small amounts of nano titanium dioxide have the potential to be an effective agent for reducing permeability and stabilizing collapsible gypseous soils in civil engineering projects, compared with other nano or traditional materials.
Using the Kalman Filter with Satellite Altimetry to Estimate the Water Level of Inland Water Aryan, Murtadha; Bin Rasib, Abd Wahid; Hassan, Muhammad Imzan; bin Hamden, Muhammad Hanif
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-018

Abstract

The Euphrates River extends for approximately 2,700 km, making it the longest river in Southwest Asia. Reliable water level measurements are obtained through the integration of an advanced outlier rejection system with Kalman filter technology. This study employs water level data from the Database for Hydrological Time Series over Inland Waters (DAHITI) and validates them using in situ measurements collected from gauging stations along the Euphrates River. To improve the accuracy of water level time series across the study area (Lat: 31.9676, Lon: 44.9306 to Lat: 31.0955, Lon: 46.0942), the research incorporates multibeam altimetry data from Envisat, Jason-2, and Sentinel-3A/B/B. Validation of the altimetry techniques is carried out by comparing DAHITI water level records with in situ measurements and other satellite-based datasets. Both the Kalman filter and Hydroweb methods yield Unbiased Root Mean Square Difference (ubRMSD) values ranging between 0.2961–0.3922 cm and 0.536–0.577 cm, respectively. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient for DAHITI-derived water levels varies between 0.5971 and 0.9831, while Hydroweb produces values from –0.871 to 0.567. Overall, DAHITI-based altimetry height estimates demonstrate superior accuracy compared to other altimeter datasets in most parts of the Euphrates River, with precision strongly influenced by river topography. The application of Kalman filtering further enhances water level monitoring, particularly in regions characterized by complex inland water structures.
Enhancing Post-Fire Performance of Lightweight RC Slabs Using Expanded Polystyrene and Steel Fibers: An Experimental Study Abd, Alaa A.; Abbas, Rafaa M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-03

Abstract

Aggregate significantly influences the mechanical properties of concrete material and has a crucial role in post-fire behavior. This research focuses on investigating the post-fire behavior of a fiber-reinforced one-way slab made from lightweight expanded polystyrene (EPS) aggregate concrete. The experimental study consisted of testing fourteen fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (SCC) one-way slabs with EPS as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate. All specimens have identical dimensions of 1800×500×125 mm. The main parameters investigated included fire exposure, EPS replacement ratio, and steel fiber content. The tested specimens were divided into two groups. The first group included seven specimens tested under monotonic static load, whereas the seven specimens of the second group were tested under monotonic static load after being exposed to a steady-state temperature of 700°C for one hour. Following exposure to fire, results revealed a dramatic decrease in the structural performance of the slab specimens, including cracking load, ultimate load, stiffness, absorbed energy, and ductility, especially for the non-fibrous lightweight samples. However, adding EPS beads in the concrete mixture helps in reducing strength degradation due to fire exposure, and the higher the EPS content, the less strength degradation. This result exposed the positive impact of EPS on the structural performance of RC lightweight slabs exposed to fire due to their thermal properties. Moreover, results revealed a significant enhancement in post-fire stiffness, ductility, and absorbed energy of the RC slab due to steel fiber inclusion, showing their constructive impact on the slab performance.
Geodynamic Processes Monitoring of Subway Infrastructure Using Geodetic and Remote Sensing Methods Khamit, Nurzhan; Jangulova, Gulnar; Kakimzhanov, Yerkin; Kyrgyzbay, Kudaibergen; Zhumatayev, Serik; Atalykova, Nazym; Kozhaev, Zhenis
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-021

Abstract

This article examines the development of a methodology for monitoring geodynamic processes during the construction of the Almaty metro using an integrated approach that incorporates geodetic methods, laser scanning, and aerospace technologies. The study aims to enhance the safety of underground structures in the context of complex engineering-geological conditions and high-density urban environments. Monitoring was conducted at the "Saryarka" and "Bauyrzhan Momyshuly" stations, employing underground polygonometry, aerial surveys with unmanned aerial vehicles (DJI Mavic 3 multispectral), laser scanning (Faro Focus 3D X), and finite element numerical modeling (PHASE 2, AutoCAD Civil 3D). The geodetic work covered a 3201-meter section with the installation of 34 benchmarks, ensuring a relative measurement error of no more than 1:30,000. Laser scanning achieved an average point cloud density of 7 mm, enabling the creation of precise 3D tunnel models, identification of deviations from the design axis, and determination of critical stress zones. The study revealed that at a depth of 32.28 m, the maximum vertical stress reached 11.2 MPa, and horizontal stress was 2.7 MPa. At a depth of 19.58 m, the vertical stress reached 10.5 MPa, while the horizontal stress was 2.47 MPa. The maximum concentration of stresses in critical zones reached 20 MPa. The use of UAVs and aerospace technologies facilitated the creation of a highly accurate digital terrain model and the identification of potential deformation zones. The findings confirm the necessity of regular monitoring in dense urban and seismically active areas and demonstrate the potential of integrating modern technologies to improve the precision and efficiency of geodynamic assessments. The proposed methodology can be applied not only to metro construction but also to other underground structures, including mining industry facilities, both in Kazakhstan and internationally.
Performance Evaluation of Composite CNT/PE-Modified Asphalt Concrete at Binder, Mixture, and Pavement Levels Albayati, Amjad H.; Al-Mosawe, Hasan; Maher, Ahmed M.; Al-Ani, Aliaa F.; Moudhafar, Mustafa M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-022

Abstract

Advancing the multi-scale performance of asphalt pavements requires innovative binder modifications that address limitations in rutting resistance, fatigue resistance, and durability across the binder, mixture, and structural levels. This study evaluates the performance of asphalt cement, mixtures, and pavement systems modified with a combination of polyethylene (PE) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The binder was modified using 4% PE and varying CNT contents (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by weight of the modified binder). Binder performance was assessed through conventional and rheological tests, including penetration, softening point, viscosity, performance grade (PG) evaluation, and master curve analysis. Mixture-level performance was evaluated using Marshall properties, rutting, resilient modulus, and fatigue tests. Long-term pavement behavior was predicted using VESYS 5W software. The results showed that incorporating 1.0% CNT with 4.0% PE significantly improved binder rheology, increasing the true failure temperature by approximately 10% compared to the reference binder. Complex modulus and phase angle master curves also indicated notable improvements at low frequencies. Mixtures containing 2% CNT demonstrated approximately one-third of the permanent strain observed in the reference mix, while PCNT1.0% exhibited the best fatigue resistance. These findings highlight the significant role of combining plastomeric modifiers (PE) with nanoscale materials (CNTs) in enhancing the performance of asphalt binders and mixtures.
Geomechnical Characterization of Lateritic Soil by Combining Crushed Granite and Low Content of Cement Mbengue, Marie Thérèse Marame; N’tsoukpoe, Jeannot Komi; Messan, Adamah; Ayite, Mawuénya Xolali Dany
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-020

Abstract

Lateritic soils, which are widespread in intertropical regions and traditionally used as pavement sub-base layers in Burkina Faso, often exhibit low geomechanical performance, thereby limiting their long-term durability under increasingly heavy traffic loads. This study investigates a combined stabilization approach consisting of incorporating 20% of 10/20 crushed granite aggregates together with low cement content (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%). The objective was to improve both the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of these soils, while reducing the environmental footprint associated with cement use. Accordingly, an experimental program was carried out, including geotechnical tests (maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, and CBR at 95% compaction) and mechanical characterizations (unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and full stress–strain behavior under uniaxial compression). The results revealed substantial improvements when 20% aggregates and 3% cement were added to the raw soil: the maximum dry density increased by approximately 5%, the CBR by 2253%, the compressive strength by 134%, the indirect tensile strength by 85%, and the Young’s modulus by 195%. Regarding fracture behavior, the same mixture showed an enhanced energy absorption capacity, with increases of approximately 40% for fracture energy, 65% for peak energy, 87% for elastic energy, 18% for plastic energy, and 5% for post-peak energy. These findings confirm that the combination of crushed aggregates and low cement content produces a synergistic effect, yielding a material that is stronger, stiffer, more water resistant, and more ductile. Thus, innovative stabilization approach represents a promising alternative for sustainable road construction.
Empirical Analysis of Risk Behavior in Truck Drivers Across Industrial Zones and Policy Recommendations Seefong, Manlika; Wisutwattanasak, Panuwat; Se, Chamroeun; Banyong, Chinnakrit; Theerathitichaipa, Kestsirin; Jomnonkwao, Sajjakaj; Champahom, Thanapong; Ratanavaraha, Vatanavongs; Kasemsri, Rattanaporn
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-010

Abstract

Truck drivers play a crucial role in industrial development but face disproportionately high risks of traffic-related injuries and fatalities. These risks arise from complex traffic conditions, especially in truck-congested industrial zones, and economic pressures that encourage risky driving behaviors. This study investigates key factors influencing these behaviors among truck drivers in industrial zones using an integrated framework combining the Health Belief Model and Protection Motivation Theory, a novel approach in this context. A random parameter model was employed to account for unobserved heterogeneity in drivers’ responses. The results highlight several significant psychological factors: perceived susceptibility (when drivers perceive the risk of crashes while driving), perceived severity (when drivers feel that crashes will impact their work), perceived barriers (when truck drivers perceive that fastening seat belts causes discomfort and when they perceive safety equipment for vehicles as expensive and unaffordable), cues to action (when truck drivers encounter safe driving campaigns), and health motivation (when truck drivers prioritize adequate rest and relaxation). Additionally, the study identifies route familiarity as a random effect, revealing variations in how this factor influences behavior across individuals. The study provides practical, evidence-based policy recommendations aimed at reducing road injuries and fatalities among truck drivers, offering valuable insights for policymakers, transport authorities, and logistics stakeholders.

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