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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 24 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March" : 24 Documents clear
A Preliminary Study of the Mechanical Performance of a Novel FBG-Based Flexible Stress Sensor Bi, Gang; Yang, Long; Li, Fan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-010

Abstract

Soil stress monitoring is critical for accurate soil state assessment in geotechnical engineering, yet conventional resistance-based stress sensors—typically encapsulated in rigid materials—often generate measured values deviating upward from analytical solution predictions, limiting their practical reliability. To address this key limitation, this study aims to propose a novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based flexible stress sensor that integrates the high precision of FBG technology with the adaptive conformability of flexible sensing platforms. For validation, systematic physical modeling tests were conducted using multiple soil types (clay and sand) under different loading protocols, where the proposed sensor’s performance was comprehensively compared with that of a conventional resistance-based rigid sensor. Key findings reveal that the FBG-based flexible sensor delivers more accurate stress measurements in both clay and sand; notably, during cyclic loading within the elastic range, it reverts to its initial state with minimal hysteresis, outperforming the rigid counterpart in dynamic stability. The novelty of this work lies in the fusion of FBG sensing with flexible encapsulation, which mitigates the overestimation issue of rigid sensors and enables more reliable soil stress monitoring for geotechnical applications.
Research on the Improvement Effect of Asphalt Mixture Workability Based on Uniform Material Distribution Ding, Gongying; Chen, Bei; Zuo, Heng; Tu, Chongzhi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-06

Abstract

Asphalt mixture workability (WAM) is critical for quality control during asphalt pavement construction. However, the methods to improve mixing quality and the impact of such improvements on material distribution uniformity remain unclear. This study aims to identify WAM enhancement strategies and explore their effects on the distribution uniformity of asphalt, aggregates, and asphalt films at the asphalt-aggregate interface. Methods include verifying the potential of mixing temperature elevation and warm mix additives (WMAs) to improve WAM, introducing three evaluation indices (asphalt distribution uniformity index ADU, aggregate distribution uniformity index HA, and asphalt film coating uniformity index AUAF), and analyzing the impacts of workability improvements on post-mixing material uniformity. Findings show that raising mixing temperature (up to 13% WAM enhancement) and adding WMAs (Sasobit boosts WAM by 10%) effectively enhance WAM; WMAs reduce the viscosity of SBS-modified asphalt during high-temperature mixing, weakening asphalt-aggregate bonding and promoting aggregate migration; higher mixing temperatures and WMAs both decrease the asphalt film coating uniformity index, with temperature exerting a more prominent effect. The innovation lies in establishing quantitative evaluation indices and revealing the intrinsic mechanism of WAM improvements on multi-dimensional material distribution uniformity, providing a theoretical basis for asphalt mixture quality optimization.
Performance of Controlled Flow Stabilized Adobe Utilizing Construction and Demolition Waste Ahmed, Md Imran; Renukadevi, M. V.; Joshi, Ashwin M.; Basutkar, S. M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-024

Abstract

Due to rapid urbanization and environmental degradation from construction and demolition waste (CDW), effective management, recycling, and reuse of CDW become a necessity. CDW can be appropriately utilized in the development of alternate masonry units, such as stabilized adobe blocks (SAB). However, challenges concerning production uniformity and consistency in the characteristics of SAB exist and require further investigation. To address these issues, this study aims to develop novel controlled flow-stabilized adobe (FSAB) incorporating CDW. This research involves collecting and processing CDW as a substitute for natural soil in the development of FSAB. An experimental study investigates physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics of FSAB as per Bureau of Indian Standards. CDW-based FSAB satisfied minimum block density, water absorption, and compressive strength requirements, confirming its suitability for Class 5 soil-based blocks. Sustainability analysis indicates the embodied energy and carbon equivalent of FSAB possess significant savings, equivalent to conventional masonry units. Environmental indicators such as embodied energy per unit strength, embodied carbon per unit strength, and structural efficiency highlight the potential of CDW-based FSAB as a sustainable alternative to conventional masonry units. These findings demonstrate pathways for waste valorization and reduced dependence on conventional materials while addressing environmental and structural performance challenges.
Advanced Flood Characterization Focused to Optimal City Protection Planning Hajdari Llapashtica, Venera; Misini, Labeat; Gjorgjiev, Igor; Ivanoski, Dragan; Ristic, Jelena; Ristic, Danilo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-018

Abstract

Following the increasing demand for optimal protection of urban areas against natural multi-hazards, we developed an upgraded urban development planning (UUDP) method integrating four principal planning layers along with the initial zero-planning layer and its related sublayers that systematically characterize the potential natural disasters. The significance of pre-planning characterization for natural disasters was demonstrated through a flood disaster case study, which included the flood analysis options of the historic city of Peja. Herein, we systematically review the representative results from a study on the characteristics and magnitudes of flood waves in the Bistrica River generated by storm runoff within the basin, completed using advanced worldwide HEC-HMS software. Consequently, the advanced HEC-RAS analysis software was employed to evaluate the effects of 24-h precipitation events on both the extent and magnitude of flooding. Existing multi-hazard effects were systematically incorporated into planning through the upgraded zero multi-layered method, which involved a detailed characterization of all relevant multi-hazards. The original flood hazard analysis results, including total inundated area (141.5 - 432.8 ha), maximum water depth (4.28 - 5.94 m) and velocity (4.76 - 5.94 m/s), clearly demonstrated tangible improvements in implementing the new UUDP method for optimal urban multi-hazard protection solutions.
Flexural Response of RC Beams with Variable-Width Prestressed and Non-Prestressed CFRP Plate Strengthening Al-Khafaji, Yasir Safaa; Al-Zuhairi, Alaa Hussein
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-09

Abstract

This experimental research was conducted to quantify the combined effect of the external bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) plate width and prestressing on the flexural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams in terms of strength improvement. Seven beams (one control and six strengthened) were subjected to two-point loading tests. The experimental methodology consisted of the testing of three different widths of the CFRP plates (25, 40, and 60 mm) in non-prestressed and prestressed conditions. Prestressing was accomplished by tensioning the plates to 23% of the CFRP tensile strength using a novel, locally developed mechanical anchorage system, which is one of the key experimental contributions that distinguishes this study from investigations that vary only one parameter. Results showed that although non-prestressed CFRP increased the ultimate load by 22.4%-32.3%, prestressed strengthening had superior gains ranging from 29.8% to 67.6%. Prestressed beams had similar ultimate deflections, which greatly enhanced crack control. Notably, prestressing successfully changed the critical failure mode from partial debonding to beneficial CFRP rupture, validating the efficiency of the anchorage system and CFRP-stress utilization. The results show that increasing plate width improves capacity and that suggests that the combination of width and prestress parameters must be optimized for balanced structural design.
Discharge Estimation for Groundwater Basin Fully Delineated Watersheds Based on the Modified Rational Equation Mayavani, Christine; Soekarno, Indratmo; Farid, Mohammad; Taufiq, Ahmad; Farid Fakhruddin, Muhammad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-04

Abstract

The integration of surface water and groundwater is essential for sustainable water resources management, as both components are hydrologically interconnected through runoff, interflow, and baseflow processes. Surface water and groundwater are inseparable components of the hydrological system, contributing significantly to streamflow and to the calculation of water availability in watersheds. A previous study proposed a simpler, improved equation based on a rational method to estimate potential discharge for fully delineated watersheds within a single groundwater basin. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze potential discharge by applying an equation from previous reports with the addition of a beta (β) parameter to enhance performance. The modified rational equation was compared with three existing methods, namely FJ Mock, Sacramento, and NRECA, across six selected watersheds, including Cidanau, Kupang, Kuto, Sampean, Belawan, and Kumai. The results showed that the modified rational equation achieved the highest correlation coefficient and very good RSR classification, except for Kuto and Belawan. This showed that incorporating the β parameter as a baseflow correction factor in the Modified Rational Equation enhanced model accuracy, as indicated by higher correlation and lower RSR values. Optimal β values showed a strong relationship with watersheds-to-groundwater basin area ratio (AWS/AGWB), determined through an iterative process. The modified rational equation performed optimally in small watersheds (<250 km²), with correlation values >60% in catchments like Cidanau, Kupang, and Kuto. However, the accuracy decreased in larger areas, suggesting suitability for small-scale hydrological systems. The enhancement of the modified rational equation using the β parameter showed an alternative method for determining water availability and potential to improve the development of strategic frameworks of water resource management in Indonesia.
Settlement of Lime-Cement Stabilized Soft Clay: A Numerical Modeling Study Salem , Tarek N.; El-Kady , Mahmoud S.; Abdelbaset , Ahmed M.; Ghoneim, Amr G.; Katunský, Dušan; Konovalov , Denis; Švajlenka , Jozef; El-Feky , Mohamed H.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-07

Abstract

This study aims to quantify settlement uncertainty of strip footings on stabilized soft clay under multi-parametric variations to improve geotechnical foundation design. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed using ADINA to simulate full-scale strip footings resting on treated soft clay. Finite Element Analysis was conducted by systematically varying four governing parameters: footing width, treated soil thickness, treated extension width, and footing embedment depth. Parametric analyses were performed using normalized design ratios to evaluate settlement sensitivity and soil–structure interaction behavior. The results indicate that increasing the ratios of treated thickness to footing width, treated extension width to footing width, and embedment depth significantly reduces total settlement and enhances stress redistribution within the improved zone. Sensitivity assessment reveals that treated thickness and extension width are the most influential parameters in controlling settlement performance. The novelty of this research lies in quantifying settlement sensitivity through dimensionless design ratios within a unified numerical framework, providing a practical basis for optimizing treated zone dimensions. The findings contribute to a more efficient and sustainable foundation design by minimizing excessive material use while maintaining structural performance, offering economic and environmental benefits.
Influence of Using Geosynthetic Clay Liners on Seepage Characteristics Through an Earth Dam Ameen, Afnan Salah; Irzooki, Raad Hoobi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-05

Abstract

In this study, a permeability tank and SEEP/W software were used to examine the effect of geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) on seepage discharge and the phreatic line in earth dams. Initially, the SEEP/W software was validated by comparing its results with experimental results, and the agreement was excellent. Then, various scenarios were numerically completed and studied. The results indicated that adding GCL as a full length on the upstream side of the dam reduced discharge by 99.97% as compared to a dam without GCL. The results also revealed that decreasing the uncovered GCL height, dam height, and upstream head reduced discharge and lowered the phreatic line. Conversely, a decrease in the GCL slope has the opposite effect. Additionally, reducing the dam permeability decreased discharge, but the location of the phreatic line remained constant. By decreasing the dam slope, seepage discharge increases while the observable phreatic line decreases. An empirical equation was developed to determine seepage discharge through the earth dam with only a GCL with a coefficient of determination (R² = 96.4%). Finally, the results show that using an earth dam with a GCL (y = 6 cm) and a medium drain length (Ld = 40 cm) is an effective case to lower the seepage line, reduce seepage discharge, and prevent piping failure.
Rainfall-Induced Stability of Reinforced Slopes with Twin Parallel Tunnels: Experimental Validation and Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Analysis Alajlan, Zaid S.; Suliman, Loujain; Al-Hashemi, Hamzah M. B.; Alatify, Ali
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-022

Abstract

Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, which significantly threatens slope stability by elevating pore-water pressure, reducing effective stress, and weakening soil strength. This study aims to investigate the rainfall-induced hydro-mechanical response of a fill slope containing twin parallel tunnels and to evaluate the effectiveness of reinforcement measures in improving slope stability under such conditions. A combined experimental–numerical approach was adopted. First, a physical model test of twin tunnels excavated within a slope was conducted to provide validation data for the numerical model. Subsequently, a parametric numerical analysis was performed using the finite element method implemented in PLAXIS 3D to simulate the coupled hydraulic–mechanical behavior of the slope–tunnel system under varying rainfall intensities and durations. Reinforcement measures, including piles and plates, were incorporated to assess their stabilizing performance. The results show that rainfall duration has a more significant influence on slope deformation and pore-water pressure than rainfall intensity. Reinforcement measures effectively reduce deformation and enhance slope stability, although they have limited influence on the overall saturation distribution. Reinforced slopes also exhibit increased total discharge due to preferential seepage along soil–structure interfaces. The novelty of this study lies in integrating physical model validation with three-dimensional coupled hydro-mechanical numerical analysis to comprehensively evaluate deformation, pore-water pressure, and seepage behavior in reinforced tunnel–slope systems under rainfall conditions.
Investigation of Slit Link Behavior with Wide-Flange (WF) Sections in Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs) Wilson Meynerd Rafael, Jusuf; Suswanto, Budi; Chiu, Chien-Kuo; Iranata, Data; R. Amalia, Aniendhita; Ghifari, Fikri
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 3 (2026): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-03-08

Abstract

This study investigates the seismic performance of slit link configurations using wide-flange (WF) sections within eccentrically braced frames (EBFs), addressing the limited application of slit geometries in practical steel construction. The objective is to evaluate the influence of slit shape and width on shear strength, ductility, and energy dissipation, while ensuring damage localization within the link element. Six analytical models were developed, including conventional links (CV and CV-ST) and slit variants (SL-1 to SL-4), and analyzed through nonlinear finite element simulations in ABAQUS under the AISC 341-22 cyclic loading protocol. The analysis focused on stress distribution, hysteretic response, backbone curve stability, and energy dissipation. Results show that conventional links provide higher peak shear strength and energy absorption but transmit stresses into adjacent members, increasing repair complexity. In contrast, slit links confine plastic deformation within the link region, enhancing ductility and repairability at the expense of reduced strength. Among the slit variants, the parabolic slit (SL-4) demonstrated smoother stress redistribution and improved cyclic stability compared to rectangular slits. The novelty of this research lies in embedding slit geometries directly into WF profiles, offering a cost-effective fuse mechanism that bridges theoretical slit damper concepts with real-world EBF applications.

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